Europeanisation also offers new gambling opportunities: hits that become playable, such as when interest groups mobilize alliances or references at European level for local purposes, or actors rely on the agenda To put on the table issues that would otherwise have made it difficult to pass the national filters. Europeanisation is then that of calculations and expectations of players. The effects of European integration on national policies are therefore not reducible to the imposition of 'Europe' on the Member States (Héritier et al., 2001), Maillard, Smith in Baisnée and Pasquier (2007). Representatives of the latter have contributed to the development of common standards, whether they are legally binding or are models of policy.
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In both cases, their effectiveness always implies mobilizations (other governments, interest groups) and reappropriations (adaptations, uses for other purposes) which can have a Europeanizing effect Without being reduced to obeying the European rule or pursuing Europeanisation as a goal (Dubois 2007). In summary, the Europeanisation of policies refers to the transformations buy gmail accounts pva of the systems of position and relations induced by the process of European integration, these Europeanized relational spaces, which in turn founded action models and representations referred to Europe. From the construction of public problems to modes of government Whatever the level of government considered, the construction of public problems.
Formation and politicization of problems The metaphor of social construction has been so successful that it has become a common place of contemporary social science (Hacking, 2001). Nevertheless, it retains its heuristic virtues in the construction of public problems, analyzed in particular by interactions sociology (Gusfield, 1981). Recalling that these problems are not natural, do not impose themselves, and that the public authorities generally take an active part in their formation, this perspective makes it possible to break with the spontaneously functional vision considering youtube accounts for sale the policies As (necessary) answers to preexisting problems. The institutionalization and the legitimization of policies are carried out in the relations between the different categories of producers of action And between the specific configuration they constitute and the broader social space in which they operate.
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By postulating that public problems are the product of social work that involves the mobilization of various actors, it invites public action as the product of social processes and relations and not as the result of a will Decision-makers or a mere application of legal rules. To the extent that the formulation of problems is closely linked to view more the possible modalities of their treatment, its analysis is particularly useful in understanding the solutions that have been favored. For example, Michel Seton shows how the government responses to the AIDS epidemic vary according to the characteristics and ways of thinking and acting of actors, different from one country to another, that have shaped the Public burden of this disease (Setbon, 1993). Three conditions must be met in order for a public problem to exist as such.
The first is of the order of knowledge. In order for a problem to exist socially, information and frameworks must be available to interpret it. This can be seen, for example, in the field of public health (food crises, pollution effects, epidemics), where the publicization of a danger is linked to his medical knowledge. More widely, the dissemination of information in journalistic work (not to mention its role in shaping) is youtube accounts for sale often decisive (Cohen, 1972). A second condition refers to the social norms in which a situation is defined as problematic. There is no deviation or problem that is referred to a norm (Becker, 1985). For unemployment or child labor to be problems youtube accounts for sale it is necessary to wait for the imposition of permanent wage labor and the right to education as standards (Castel, 1995).
